8 Shocking Facts About Water Consumption

Anastasia Pantsios | December 15, 2014 2:45 pm | Comments

Water is a finite resource. And its preciousness has been driven home by water wars in California, where record drought has agricultural users, fracking interests and home consumers vying for the same supply; in the southwest where the water levels in the rivers, aquifers and reservoirs that provide waters to major communities like Phoenix and Las Vegas are dropping; and in the battles being fought over withdrawing water from the Great Lakes. Reducing our water footprint is essential to conserving this life-giving substance.

“The saying that ‘nothing is free’ applies more to water than anything else we consume, considering just three percent of the world’s water is drinkable and that we are using more of it than ever before.” Photo credit: Shutterstock

We actually have two water footprints: direct and indirect. Many of us are familiar with direct water-use footprint, and mat already be taking steps to reduce it: taking shorter showers, not letting the water run while we’re brushing our teeth, doing fewer loads of laundry, flushing the toilet less often or even installing low-flush toilets.
We probably don’t think of our indirect water footprint often if at all, which involved the water used to make the products and services we use. Author Stephen Leahy, an Ontario-based environmental journalist, wrote about some of them in his book Your Water Footprint: The Spublished earlier this year.
“A ‘water footprint’ is the amount of fresh water used to produce the goods and services we consume, including growing, harvesting, packaging and shipping,” he says. “From the foods we eat to the clothes we wear to the books we read and the music we listen to, all of it costs more than what we pay at the checkout.”
Here are some things you can do to reduce your indirect water footprint.
1. Leahy reveals that 95 percent of our water footprint is hidden in our meals. While a pound of lettuce costs about 15 gallons of freshwater and a slice of bread only 10 gallons, chocolate can cost an astronomical 2,847 gallons a pound and beef can run us 2,500 gallons. Given that raising livestock is particularly water-intensive, eating vegetarian is one good way to reduce your water footprint. Better yet, go vegan: all animal products, including cheese, eggs, butter and milk take a lot of water to produce. Chicken has a much lower water footprint than beef though, so even giving up red meat can help.
2. Think about what you drink. Tell people you’re passing on the soft drink and going for a beer because its water footprint is lower. And it is. A beer takes about 20 gallons of water to create, while soft drinks can be close to 50, depending on packaging and what sugars are used. And drink tea instead of coffee. Coffee consumes about 37 gallons of water in the production process, tea takes only 9 gallons.
3. The clothes we wear also consume vast amounts of freshwater to produce with cotton T-shirts and denim jeans exceptionally high in water use. One pound of cotton requires 700 gallons of water. Shop secondhand, thrift and vintage stores, or buy well-made clothes intended to last.
4. Actually, buying to last is a good way to reduce water consumption in general. Virtually all manufactured products consume a lot of water in the process. To manufacture a smartphone requires 240 gallons of water. Do you really need to trade in your phone every time a new model comes out?
5. Take public transportation (or better yet walk.) Not only do cars consume tens of thousands of gallons of water during manufacturing, but the gas required to run them uses more than a gallon of water for each gallon of gas.
6. Don’t install or use a garbage disposal. It’s water intensive. Compost instead.
7. Cut your plastic use! Making one pound of plastic requires 24 gallons of water. Use less and recycle what you can. Look for items with less packaging.
8. If you have a garden, install rain barrels to conserve water instead using that hose. Rain barrels hook up to your downspouts and collect rain water to reuse. You can make one from a 55-gallon drums (more recycling) and a easy-to-find little hardware. There’s a big movement among artists to paint rain barrels so that you can also have a distinctive and colorful work of art outside your house.
“The saying that ‘nothing is free’ applies more to water than anything else we consume, considering just three percent of the world’s water is drinkable and that we are using more of it than ever before,” says Leahy. “Many experts predict dire water shortages if we continue on our current path. Factor in climate change, population growth and pollution and we have an unsustainable situation.”
There’s lots more information about your water footprint and what you can do to reduce it at WaterFootprint.org. They even have a calculator so you can figure out your own water footprint.

http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home

Water behavior breakthrough opens a crucial door in chemistry

A must read .

Water has always puzzled me especially its chemical properties, different molecular structures, not only how it adopts itself to different shapes and forms , how it manifests  itself  in different states of matter etc but more importantly how immensely useful it is to the whole of life on earth.

Here is an excellent new addition to our  knowledge about water

http://phys.org/news/2014-07-behavior-breakthrough-crucial-door-chemistry.html

water splitting,

process by which plants convert energy from the sun's rays into chemical 'fuel' has inspired a new way of generating clean, cheap, renewable hydrogen power which could solve looming problems with the UK's energy infrastructure.

Hydrogen is a significant source of energy which can be burned to produce power with no negative impact on the environment, unlike power produced by burning fossil fuels. Hydrogen gas can be easily produced by splitting water into its constituent elements – hydrogen and oxygen. Plants' powers of photosynthesis allow them to harness the energy of the sun to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen at separate times and at separate physical locations in the plant's structure. By applying direct current to water via a positive and a negatively-charged electrode in a process known as electrolysis, scientists have long been able to break the bonds between hydrogen and oxygen, releasing them as gas. Industrial processes to produce pure hydrogen from water require expensive equipment and rigorous oversight to ensure that the gases do not mix. Accidental mixing of the gases can lead to accelerated decay of materials involved in the process or even dangerously explosive mixtures. In a new paper in the journal Nature Chemistry published today (Monday 14 April), Professor Lee Cronin and Dr Mark Symes of the University of Glasgow outline how they have managed to replicate for the first time plants' ability to decouple the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water using what they call an electron-coupled proton buffer (ECPB). Dr Symes: "What we have developed is a system for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale much more cheaply and safely than is currently possible. Currently much of the industrial production of hydrogen relies on reformation of fossil fuels, but if the electricity is provided via solar, wind or wave sources we can create an almost totally clean source of power. "The ECPB is made from commercially-available phosphomolyb-dic acid. The properties of this material allow us to collect and store the protons and electrons which are generated when we oxidise water, to give oxygen as the only gaseous product. We can then use those stored protons and electrons to produce only hydrogen at a time of our choosing, allowing us to produce pure hydrogen gas on demand with none of the difficulties of the current electrolytic process where the two are unavoidably produced at the same time.

Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2013-04-blueprint-cheap-hydrogen-production.html#jCp

Inexpensive molecular molybdenum-oxo catalyst for generating hydrogen from water without the use of any other materials

Scientists are evaluating the molecular aspect of H₂ O as there is some confusion prevailing on the molecular structure of water. Mere H₂ O may not have the unique features that no other molecules have. Since about 99% of water is lying in ocean it may help the man kind in many ways particularly in the energy sector in coming decades. Scientists are trying to use sea water as a Jet fuel by utilizing its CO₂ and H .Very recently a group of Scientists at University of California, Berkeley have identified an inexpensive molecular molybdenum-oxo catalyst for generating hydrogen from water without the use of any other materials. Some scientists believe that the reflectance of sun light from the sea surface might be due to presence of some other molecules that are lingering on H₂ O ( besides density of sea water).Still some suspects the bonds that links H and O may have many potential effects on the system where water is there.

The group discussion may create awareness in the society which will pave the ways for intensification of research on the molecular aspect of water

freezing water at different temperatures

A charge for freezing water at different temperatures

Experiments use positive and negative electric forces to tweak ice formation

By Lisa Grossman

Web edition : Friday, February 5th, 2010

  Text Size

A watched pot never boils, but an electrically charged pot sometimes freezes.

A study in the Feb. 5 Science reports that water can freeze at different temperatures depending on whether the surface it rests on is positively or negatively charged. Under certain conditions, water can even freeze as it heats up.

“We are very, very surprised by this result,” says study coauthor Igor Lubomirsky of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. “It means that by controlling surface charge, either positive or negative, you can either suppress ice formation or enhance ice formation.”

Water usually begins freezing by forming an ice crystal around a particle of dust or some other impurity. Without that starting point, water can stay liquid well below its freezing point, down to about -42º Celsius. This supercooled water is useful in nature and in the lab, from frogs and fish surviving long winters to cryogenic preservation of blood and tissues. 

Scientists have suspected for decades that electric fields could be used to trigger freezing in supercooled water. A molecule of water has a slight positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other, so electric fields could snap water molecules into a rigid formation by aligning them according to charge.  

But previous experiments to understand whether electric fields can influence freezing were complicated by the materials used. The best materials for holding electric charge are metals, but as anyone who has tried to open a car door after a snowstorm knows, ice forms easily on metals even without a charge.

“If you try to do it with metal, you don’t know what is from the electric field and what is from the metal itself,” Lubomirsky says. “We wanted to know whether it is the charge that does it, or something special in metal.”

Instead of metal, Lubomirsky and his colleagues used a pyroelectric material, which can form a short-lived electric field when heated or cooled. The researchers used four pyroelectric crystals, each of which was placed inside a copper cylinder. The bottom surfaces of two crystals were coated with chromium to conduct an electric charge, and the other two were coated with an aluminum oxide to keep the surface uncharged.

The researchers placed the experimental setup in a humid room and turned down the thermostat until water droplets formed on each crystal, then cooled the room further until the water froze.

With no charge on the surface, the water froze at -12.5º C, on average. But on the positively charged surface, water froze at a relatively balmy -7º. And on a negatively charged surface, ice formed, on average, at a chilly -18º.

“It’s really dramatic, the strong effect of the charge,” says physicist Gene Stanley of Boston University. He also says that the simplicity of the experiment means that “it’s the kind of thing that is almost surely correct.” 

Lubomirsky and colleagues also managed to freeze water by heating it. Water droplets stayed liquid at -11º for up to 10 minutes on a negatively charged surface. But after the negative charge dissipated, heating the room to -8º was enough to induce a positive charge in the pyroelectric crystal and freeze the water.

“That’s a very intriguing behavior,” comments atmospheric physicist Will Cantrell of Michigan Technological University in Houghton. “In this case, on this particular substance, if you warm it up, you can get it to freeze.”

Coauthor Meir Lahav, also of the Weizmann Institute, says water’s response to charge probably depends on how the water molecules line up against the surface they’re freezing to, though more work is needed to figure out exactly what is happening.

“The water molecules should be aligned differently, so I anticipated that this difference should affect the freezing temperature of ice,” Lahav says. “But I didn’t expect such a large difference. I’m very much delighted to see that.”

Although he has no specific plans to harness the effect for applications such as cryogenic freezing or cloud seeding, Lahav says his team has already filed a patent.

Ice nucleation, “is a very fundamental problem,” he says. “The moment you understand better — have a new understanding of a new effect — the applications always come afterwards.” 

New search engine for hydrologist

new search engine for hydrologist, agriculturist, hydro power and
water resource practitioner.

http://www.baipatra.ws
http://www.waterandenviromodeling.org

WATER -HAPPY NEW YEAR GREETINGS

For Water

My HAPPY NEW YEAR GREETINGS would be

Hydrogen and oxygen molecules

Alone do not form

Part of water, we must

Probe the whole

Ylem[1], you never can tell

New

Elements of

Water

Yet to be

Enlisted

Actually will

Revolutionize

Greatly and

Really

Everything on

Earth. So,

Together let us all

Inquire into this

Nonchalantly till the

Goal is

Successfully reached.

ylem (ˈaɪləm)
— n
	the original matter from which the basic elements are said tohave been formed following the explosion postulated in the bigbang theory of cosmology
[Middle English, from Old French ilem, from Latin hӯlē stuff,matter, from Greek hulē wood, matter]

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
2009 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
Cite This Source

Generate Cheaper Hydrogen from Neutral Water

follow this link and read this excellent article

http://earthalternate.blogspot.com/2010/05/cheaper-hydrogen-molybdenum.html

Micro waved water -danger why?

Micro waved water - one MUST readA 26-year old guy decided to have a cup of coffee. He took a cup of water and put it in the microwave to heat it up (something that he had done numerous times before).I am not sure how long he set the timer for, but he told me he wanted to bring the water to a boil. When the timer shut the oven off, he removed the cup from the oven. As he looked into the cup, he noted that the water was not boiling, but instantly the water in the cup 'blew-up' into his face.The cup remained intact until he threw it out of his hand but all the water had flown out into his face due to the build up of energy. His whole face is blistered and he has 1st and 2nd degree burns to his face, which may leave scarring. He also may have lost partial sight in his left eye.. While at the hospital, the doctor who was attending to him stated that this is fairly common occurrence and water (alone) should never be heated in a microwave oven. If water is heated in this manner, something should be placed in the cup to diffuse the energy such as: a wooden stir stick, tea bag, etc. It is however a much safer choice to boil the water in a teakettle.General Electrics (GE) response:Thanks for contacting us. I will be happy to assist you. The e-mail that you received is correct. Micro waved water and other liquids do not always bubble when they reach the boiling point. They can actually get superheated and not bubble at all. The superheated liquid will bubble up out of the cup when it is moved or when something like a spoon or teabag is put into it. To prevent this from happening and causing injury, do not heat any liquid for more than two minutes per cup. After heating, let the cup stand in the microwave for thirty seconds before moving it or adding anything into it.If you pass this on ... you could very well save someone from a lot of pain and suffering.

The Mpemba Effect

The Mpemba Effect posted on December 20th, 2008
When University College physicist Denis Osborne visited Mkwawa Secondary School in Iringa, Tanzania, in 1963, he little expected the question he got from student Erasto Mpemba:
“If you take two similar containers with equal volumes of water, one at 35?C and the other at 100?C, and put them into a freezer, the one that started at 100?C freezes first. Why?”
The other students derided Mpemba, but he was right — in cooking class he’d noticed that hot ice cream mixes froze more quickly than cold ones.
Osborne confirmed the effect and shared a publication with Mpemba in 1969. What’s behind “the Mpemba effect” is still something of a mystery — it seems to be a combined result of supercooling, convection, evaporation, and the insulating effect of frost. (If you want to conduct your own experiment, start with containers at 35?C and 5?C.)

Water Freezes Differently on Positively and Negatively Charged Surfaces of Pyroelectric Materials

Water Freezes Differently on Positively and Negatively Charged Surfaces of Pyroelectric Materials
David Ehre, Etay Lavert, Meir Lahav, Igor Lubomirsky*
Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
Science 5 February 2010:
Vol. 327. no. 5966, pp. 672 - 675

Although ice melts and water freezes under equilibrium conditions at 0°C, water can be supercooled under homogeneous conditions in a clean environment down to –40°C without freezing. The influence of the electric field on the freezing temperature of supercooled water (electrofreezing) is of topical importance in the living and inanimate worlds. We report that positively charged surfaces of pyroelectric LiTaO3 crystals and SrTiO3 thin films promote ice nucleation, whereas the same surfaces when negatively charged reduce the freezing temperature. Accordingly, droplets of water cooled down on a negatively charged LiTaO3 surface and remaining liquid at –11°C freeze immediately when this surface is heated to –8°C, as a result of the replacement of the negative surface charge by a positive one. Furthermore, powder x-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that the freezing on the positively charged surface starts at the solid/water interface, whereas on a negatively charged surface, ice nucleation starts at the air/water interface.David Ehre, Etay Lavert, Meir Lahav, Igor Lubomirsky*
Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
Science 5 February 2010:
Vol. 327. no. 5966, pp. 672 - 675

Although ice melts and water freezes under equilibrium conditions at 0°C, water can be supercooled under homogeneous conditions in a clean environment down to –40°C without freezing. The influence of the electric field on the freezing temperature of supercooled water (electrofreezing) is of topical importance in the living and inanimate worlds. We report that positively charged surfaces of pyroelectric LiTaO3 crystals and SrTiO3 thin films promote ice nucleation, whereas the same surfaces when negatively charged reduce the freezing temperature. Accordingly, droplets of water cooled down on a negatively charged LiTaO3 surface and remaining liquid at –11°C freeze immediately when this surface is heated to –8°C, as a result of the replacement of the negative surface charge by a positive one. Furthermore, powder x-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that the freezing on the positively charged surface starts at the solid/water interface, whereas on a negatively charged surface, ice nucleation starts at the air/water interface.

HAIR ICE

David Pescovitz on January 21, 2010 2:53 PM
Hair ice
No, that's not a hairy branch but rather an astounding kind of ice formation called "hair ice" ("haareis" in German). Illinois State University professor James Carter of the Geography-Geology Department, created a page about this natural wonder that includes many photos of these marvelous ice growths, sometimes called "silk frost" or "cotton candy frost."The photo above is by Rick Eppler of Vancouver Island, Canada. From Carter's "Ice Formations on Dead Wood" page:
While the term frost is used frequently as part of such names, these ice formations are not a product of frost. Frost comes about by moisture from the air being deposited on surfaces. As such frost is quite amorphous and would never appear as fine needles like we see here. Hair Ice is ice that grows outward from the surface of the wood, as super-cooled water emerges from the wood, freezes and adds to the hairs from the base.
"Ice Formations on Dead Wood -- Haareis or Hair Ice" (via MAKE:)


Ice Formations on Dead Wood -- Haareis or Hair Ice
Dr. James R. Carter, Professor Emeritus
Geography-Geology Department
Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4400




In 2006 Geoff Gaynor of Wales sent me an email with photos of some ice formations he had observed. Those photos appear on the master page. Geoff had seen my web pages and wanted to know what he had found. The ice in his photos was similar to my ice flowers but is on woody material on the ground. I think Geoff was the first person I asked if I could use his photos on my web pages. Geoff gave me permission and that set a direction for these pages. Thus, I have been able to show interesting formations of ice that I have not seen. This is particularly true of Hair Ice featured here which I have yet to see.
Subsequently I have learned that this form of ice is called Haareis or Hair Ice, in German and English. That name is most appropriate describing the hair-like nature of those fine needles. This photo by bobbi fabellano from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, USA, shows this hair-like texture. Note that in this and other photos, the hairs of ice do not grow from linear fissures in a stem but rather appear to come out of pores in the wood. As such they are similar to hair on a head.
In the photo above there appears to be no bark on the piece of wood. The photo below shows ice growing only where there is no bark. It has been suggested that the growth of ice may push out and break off old bark. This photo was taken by Joachim Mittendorf in the Harz Mountains of Germany. That location is significant because in 1884 Prof. Schwalbe described similar ice he found in these same mountains
Mittendorf in an email of March 2007 wrote: "Most of the numerous white branches had very thin and up to 3 cm long "hairs." They really looked like the thin white hair of a human being." Here the 'hair-like' nature of this ice is quite evident and the comparison to white hair of human beings is appropriate.
Below is another photo of Haareis or Hair Ice from Joaquim Mittendorf. I included this photo because it is different from the other photos in that it shows a dense array of ice but the individual hairs of ice are still distinct. Note that in this photo the ice is on a dark piece of wood and that below that piece of wood we can see daylight reflecting off the leaves. This demonstrates the wood does not have to be on the ground.
In her email to me bobbi fabellano called this type of ice "silk frost," a name she heard from others, She proposed the name "cotton candy frost" which is quite appropriate in many ways. While the term frost is used frequently as part of such names, these ice formations are not a product of frost. Frost comes about by moisture from the air being deposited on surfaces. As such frost is quite amorphous and would never appear as fine needles like we see here. Hair Ice is ice that grows outward from the surface of the wood, as super-cooled water emerges from the wood, freezes and adds to the hairs from the base.
The photo below is from bobbi fabellano who found this on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA. This photo portrays an array of ice like a flower. Much of the appeal of this photo is the color at the center which is from the diffusion of sunlight.
Compare the ice in this photo with that below, from Rick Eppler of Vancouver Island, Canada. In both cases the ice seems to emerge and spread out from a central area. In both cases the needles or hairs of ice stay as individual strands while the growth of ice from plant stems more commonly fuse together to form ribbons or continuous surfaces.
Rick Eppler is also the source of the photo below. Both of these are from Vancouver Island on the west coast of Canada. This is very close to the area in Washington where bobbi got her photos. I included both of these photos because they are very attractive and give great insight into this form of ice.
While I have argued that Hair Ice does not fuse together like Ice Ribbons or Ice Flowers that grow from plant stems, the two photos below from Rick suggest this is not always the case. In these two photos the ice does seem to form a ribbon. As I have studied these photos, I think they may be of the same growth of ice.
In this series of web pages showing the growth of ice with diurnal or daily freeze/thaw activities, we see ice growing from pieces of dead wood, from plant stems, from soil and from rocks. This ice has a common base but the form varies with the media from which it grows.
Haareis or Hair Ice from the Past
The first reference I know about this type of ice growths appeared in a report on the meeting of the Physical Society in Berlin, in the March 13, 1884, issue of Nature Prof. Schwalbe describes flowers growing from rotten twigs lying on the ground in the Harz Mountains as ". . . ice-excrescences of soft, brilliant, asbestine appearance, and uncommonly delicate to the touch. . . ." Prof. Schwalbe brought some of these withered and rotten twigs with him toBerlin, and it was in his power to produce on them at any time the phenomenon just described. For this purpose all that was needed was thoroughly to moisten the twig, in such a manner, however, that no water dropped off, and then to let it cool slowly in a cold preparation. Ice-excrescences also appeared of themselves on twigs lying in the garden whenever the temperature fell below 0 degree C. in the night." (p. 472)
In a later editions of Nature there were a series of letters reporting on ice formations and reacting to earlier letters. Most of these reports relate to what was obviously needle ice but in the January 1, 1885 issue B. Woodd Smith tells of a friend who ?. . . picked up a piece of a dead beech-branch which was covered with filamentous ice, such as is described by the Duke of Argyll and others.? This person found the ice reappeared again the next morning when it was left out over night. (p. 194).
Prof. Alfred Wegener in 1918 in Die Naturwissenschaften (6/1, pp. 598-601) wrote about seeing this type of ice in two different places. In the article entitled "Haareis auf morshem holz" he had three photographs and two sketches. Wegener hypothesized a connection between the formation of the ice and the presence of fungi. This is the climatologist Wegener who went on to fame for proposing the concept of Continental Drift.
A. Hillefors wrote about ?Needle Ice on Dead and Rotten Branches? in Weather, 1976 (31, pp. 163-168). He observed Haareis in Sweden and notes the ice occurred on branches of beech. Hillefors as a meteorologist attempted to relate the formation of the ice to the synoptic weather preceeding the event. We now know it is more a product of diurnal freeze/thaw, which may occur under many synoptic weather situations. Hillefors noted that when such ice forms in soil it is known as "pipkrakes" in Sweden and as "kammeis" in Germany. He considered his ice on beech to be a peculiar form of pipkrakes, or a variation of Needle Ice. Indeed, it is in the sense that it is another form of the growth of ice with diurnal freeze/thaw processes. Hillefors referenced only an 1880 report by the Duke of Argyll about ice on plant stems and missed the papers by Schwable 1884 and Wegener 1918 on Haareis in Germany and France.
So, this is far from a new phenomenon. In spring 2007 I received an email from Joachim Mittendorf in Sweden with a photo of a similar occurrence of ice on wood he saw in the Harz Mountains of Germany, where Prof. Schwalbe saw ice more than a century earlier. I was beginning to believe that Haareis occurred only in Europe until I received the photos from bobbi fabellano in the Pacific Northwest. Then I heard from Brenda Callan and Rick Eppler, both from coastal British Columbia, Canada. As a geographer I want to know where each type of ice is found. Thus it appears that Hair Ice is found only in the Pacific Northwest part of North America and western Europe.
And speaking of geography, someone put me on to two photos of such ice formations on the Geograph web site in the UK where the goal is to have photos from every grid square. The links to these photos are http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/320718 and http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/320726 These two photos are from near Inverness, Scotland. There is no doubt these photos are showing the same type of ice seen in Wales, Germany, Sweden and the Pacific Northwest of North America.
As spring 2008 approached I received a gold mine on this type of ice formation. Gerhard Wagner of Switzerland pointed me to web pages showing many views of such formations and to two of his articles available as pdf files at http://www.wagnerger.ch/daten/haareis.pdf and http://www.wagnerger.ch/daten/haarstaengel.pdf
The more comprehensive article is that of Gerhart Wagner and Christian Matzler, "Haareis auf morschem Laubholz als biophysickalisches Phanomen" or "Hair Ice of Rotten Wood of Broadleaf Trees -- A Biophysical Phenomenon" This 31-page paper is downloadable from http://www.iap.unibe.ch/publications/download/3152/de/ The paper is in German with an English abstract and contains many photos and diagrams which add insights. The captions are in both German and English.
Wagner and Matzler, 2009, "Haareis -- Ein seltenes biophysikalisches Phanomen im Winter" Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau, 62, Heft 3, pp. 117-123, is the definitive paper on this topic. Summarizing the current state of knowledge they state they have found Haareis on wood from beech and oak, and reference others who have found such ice on hazel wood, maple and alder pieces. Note that all of these are deciduous trees.
There are some good images on a number of web sites. Der Karlsruher Wolkenatlas has five photos of Haareis. The Natur Galerie von Paul Esser has a nice collection of photos, #2 of which is Haareis. It is my interpretation that the ice in this photo is not as long as in many photos, but in this example the wood seems to stand vertical and may be part of a tree that still has some life. The Waldwissen.net web site has two photos of Haareis on pieces of wood on the ground. In these two photos the threads of ice are much longer than in other images I have seen.
Then I received a photo from the Netherlands showing a good example of Haareis. So, another country in Europe is home to these ice formations. Interestingly, a few weeks before I had received photos from the Netherlands of Ice Flowers on plant stems. Those are the first examples of Ice Flowers I have seen from Europe.
Thank goodness for the Internet and digital cameras for they let us exchange information about these attractive ice formations. Please take on the task of looking for ice when the freeze/thaw processes are underway. Feel free to contact me at jrcarter@ilstu.edu if you see any ice of this nature in your early morning outings.
Return to the master page of Ice Formations with Diurnal Freeze/Thaw Cycles



One of the many web pages of Dr. Jim Carter

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TaoBabe Water

TaoBabe Water
As a Taobabe; it would be terribly remiss of me if I did not disclose to you certain secrets that are part of the canon of TaoBabe-ism. We humans are made up of 90% water, and as such, water is extremely crucial for the Tao Babe. We have to keep water flowing through our system at a steady and constant rate. The quality of the water we introduce into our bodies must also be taken into account, and not just any water, mind you, we have to use our very own Tao Babe water.
Now, before you go thinking this is merely the invention of a poor woman’s deranged mind, let me hasten to say that I got the Taobabe Water Recipe from a very good friend, Mike Anthony, who got his idea by reading the works of Viktor Schauberger, a pioneer in hydrodynamics physics.
Don’t let the physics part scare you though, making TaoBabe water is simple. There are three things to keep in mind. 1. Purity 2. Polarity 3. Vorticity.
First, it must be purified.
Water starts its cycle as moisture condensation in the clouds, upon which, once enough has collected to become too heavy to sustain in midair, it breaks from forth in the form of a cloudburst and falls to the ground. As a living entity, the water is collected by the lands below in the form of ice, snow, and basins, lakes and rivers. It is in constant motion and goes through the earth on its way towards the lowest points. This traveling process purifies the water the way mother nature intended it to be.
The way we get water is much less desirable. We get it from pipes which run underground, taken from processing plants which ‘kill’ all the bacterial growth and any dangerous diseases from it. The result is fairly bad tasting water that must be re-filtered to remove the bad taste from the water. Any method is preferable to no method at all. I have used reverse-osmosis filters under the sink and I have used charcoal filters fixed to the tap. They both work fine.
Second, since the water is not welling up from a pure stream after having rushed down the mountainside tumbling through ravines and streams rich with minerals and noble metals, polarity must be reintroduced. During the cleansing process at the water processing plant, the polarity of the water gets all scrambled. It must be re-polarized.
The easy quick fix is to attach a strong magnet to the faucet, and as the water rushes through the pipe, it runs past the magnet, which realigns the polarity of the water.
Finally, vorticity must be reintroduced. Vorticity is the energy that is created by spinning liquids. The water’s energy needs to be re-introduced into the water molecules.
Take a glass pitcher (make sure it is glass and not plastic) with rounded edges (even better if it is egg-shaped, because that is the natural shape of the universe) and fill it with purified, polarized water.
Once the pitcher is full, take a wooden spoon or a bamboo stirrer and stir the water enough to make a deep vortice in the water. This stirring method reenergizes the water by introducing kinetic energy back into the water, and aerates the water in a gentle fashion. The rounded edges of the egg-shaped glass container allows the water molecules to remain in constant motion, keeping the energy in the water.
Do not cover the container so that it will be allowed to breathe naturally. Keep it cool and in a dark place. The inside of your refrigerator is ideal since it is dark (when the door is closed) and it is cool. Remember: water is most dense at +4C (+39.2F) and has the most energy at this temperature. Set your refrigerator temperature at this setting for best results.
Drink as much of this water as possible. The benefits are great.

WATER IS NOT JUST H2O.

DEAR balayogi,

I am sending you following artcle because you have always maintained that water is not mearly H2O
Regards
smurthy vtsmurthycbe@yahoo.co.in

Nanotechnology - Cleaning Up Our WaterChemical Engineers Call On Nanoparticles To Combat Polluted GroundwaterApril 1, 2008 — Chemical engineers created nanoparticles out of gold and palladium to break down pollutants in groundwater. Adding the particles to groundwater converts dangerous contaminants like trichloroethylene into non-toxic compounds. "WATER IS NOT JUST H2O. Water has all sorts of stuff in it and the stuff we don't want, those are the things that can really hurt you,"- Dr. Wong Smithsonian Magazine's America's Young Innovator WHAT IS HAZARDOUS WASTE? In the U.S., hazardous waste is defined as any discarded solid or liquid that is highly corrosive, toxic, reactive enough to release toxic fumes, or easily ignited. It can include solvents, pesticides, and spilled chemicals -- including acids, ammonia, chlorine bleach and other industrial cleaning agents -- as well as most heavy metals. Long-term exposure to hazardous waste can lead to chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, damaged liver and kidneys, or cancer. Poisoning and chemical burns can result from contact with even small amounts of toxic chemical waste. Even brief exposure can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea.

WATER'S UNIQUE MOLECULAR BEHAVIOUR

which other substance has two different molecular structures at the same temperature. Like snow and water at the same spot? HOW IT IS. IS IT DUE TOSTRUCTURAL CHANGE OR ADSORPTION OF SOME OTHER ELEMENTS

VEDAS INDICATE FIRE FROM WATER

Fuel from water –The Vedas have indicated I am confining to only the oldest Vedas RIG VEDA, In fact there is one whole chapter in Yajur veda

Mantra 1.22.6 Rid Veda Samhita "Apām napātam avase savitāram upa stuti" meaning "adore him,Savitr [ the sun,is the golden person], the son of the waters for his increase (in us). "Tasya vratāni ushmasi" meaning " We long for his deeds".

Though Savitr has really no birth as such, the description of his being as the child of the waters is in the context of the creation of the universe. [note scientifically: The universe is made of hydrogen with a small percentage helium]. The basic material existing at the time of manifestation of the universe is said to be fluid or water as in { Rig Veda 10.154, 10.190}. Hence Savitr [sun] is said to be the son of waters.

The word napāt means son,also son's son based on context. Like Agni,Savitr is born in the subtle body of the seeker in the mid-world which is symbolically referred as water in Vedas. Thus savitr is spoken of as the son of waters both in the microcosm and the microcosm. { chemical components of the sun so far inferred by the scientific community are

Hydrogen 73.46 %
Helium 24.85 %
Oxygen 0.77 %
Carbon 0.29 %
Iron 0.16 %
Sulfur 0.12 %
Neon 0.12 %
Nitrogen 0.09 %
Silicon 0.07 %
Magnesium 0.05 % and

the chemical structure of water so far believed by science is H2 O} chemically both have more of hydrogen and but for helium the next highest percentage of chemical is oxygen in sun too. Probably the SUN like all sons has acquired some more fiery components to those genetically conferred ones.

Water still has some unexplored, undiscovered probably un explainable mystery element in it.

Life is on the whole is primarily organized water. Thales wrote in 5th century B.C "WATER IS THE ONE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE WORLD"

Please follow these scientific bla bla and correct me if I am wrong.

When hot water is placed on cold water it takes more time to get mixed with cold water because the density of hot water is less than the density of cold water.

But then the topsy-turvy of this logic happens with water with similar changed temperatures when water becomes too cold and turns into ice it floats on cold water!

You go to Himalayas many places you would see water [supposed to be the water melt from snow] gushing forth, but note, in cave like tunnels beneath heaps of soft snow.

Science has been able explain or explain away all these marvels of water in terms of its molecular structural variations.

1] But which other substance has two different molecular structures at the same temperature. Like snow and water at the same spot?

2] As mentioned earlier which other component behaves in diametrically contradictory manner in terms of density and volume due to slight variations in low temperatures?

3] Oxygen that is not bound up in water is known to complete its cycle a thousand times faster.


"Microcosm bustles faster than our visible macrocosm,.,it seems steadily to deepen in profundity.." Guy Murchie


The relationship between water and fire seems to be made more firm when we know as what Lovelock and Epton state that Earth behaves so contrary to the recognized laws of chemistry that it seems like "a contrivance put together cooperatively by the totality of living systems to carry out certain necessary control functions" why all of a sudden this quote this to bring the relationship between fire and water again I quote GUY Murchie

" farmers and ranchers are increasingly abetting fire in its production of water by seeding the residuum of scorched ground with moisture conserving grass..range ecologists are reporting solid evidence that former dry sagebrush country, now burnt over and converted to sod ,not only feeds seven times more animals but it will water them as well. A Californian farmer sowed his dry range one spring after a fire, and two years later, realizing that streams which had always dried up in summer were now flowing the whole year, built himself a reservoir that became eventually supply center for permanent irrigation system".

Water is the most congenial of all the things in the universe. Its molecules gel with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, iron etc. It is part and parcel of most living things and participates with a visible relationship in all organisms. Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose writes in his 'Plant Autographs and their Revelations' after inventing and developing the crescograph, an extremely delicate growth recording instrument that he found "peristaltic waves" in stems and trees trunks which increased whenever it rained and diminished during droughts.

balayogi

fuel from water

Monday, December 7, 2009
Fuel From Water And Carbon Dioxide
Sandia National Laboratories researchers have built a prototype machine to convert water and carbon dioxide into the molecular building blocks as fuel by using the heat of the sun.Actually the basic work of this machine tool is a copy of the process of leaf photosynthesis.The machine consists of a cylinder as Counter-Rotating-Ring Receiver Reactor Recuperator (CR5) and two chambers on each side.The machine utilize the heat from solar to activate a thermo-chemical reaction in an iron-rich composite material that can exposed to extreme heat and gives up an oxygen molecule and then retrieves an oxygen molecule once it cools down.The two chamber is one hot and cool of other.There is a set of 14 Frisbee-like rings in the center that rotating at one revolution per minute. The outer edge of each ring carries an iron oxide composite supported by a zirconium matrix.The solar concentrator also installed to heat the inside of one chamber to 1,500 º C. This results in giving up of oxygen molecules by the iron oxide on one side of the ring. Now the affected side of the ring rotates to the opposite chamber. Slowly it looses its heat and carbon dioxide is pumped in. This cooling helps the iron oxide to get back oxygen molecules from the CO2, leaving behind carbon monoxide. The process is repeated continuously using up an incoming supply of CO2 and giving out stream of carbon monoxide.If this prototype machine succeeded in cultivating the waste CO2 that very damaging our ozone layer, then we no longer have a headache to find ways to treat the carbon dioxide.But according to the scientists we have still wait about 15 to 20 years until the technology is ready for market. The scientists will develop a new prototype every three years to improve the work of machine .In addition they will continue to seek and develop the solar conversion into fuel more efficiency with the lower cost.
from e-mail of DR.V.T .SUNDARAMURTHY vtsmurthycbe@yahoo.co.in

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